Emergence of forces

Gravitation Without Mass – A Geometric Pressure Interpretation of Curvature raises the question: Can mass be defined if only one object exists in the universe? 
This work argues that it cannot: mass is a relational quantity with no physical meaning in a one-object universe. Using the ADM 3+1 formalism, gravitational acceleration is expressed as the orthogonal projection of the curvature gradient—a structure formally equivalent to a pressure gradient.

This leads to a reinterpretation of gravity as geometric pressure acting on the compact volume displaced by an object, rather than a force sourced by mass. The framework leaves Einstein’s equations untouched while replacing the classical mass→curvature linkage with a volume→pressure mechanism that is ontologically consistent, operationally definable, and naturally compatible with quantum descriptions.

The result clarifies the conceptual foundations of General Relativity, dissolves the classical–quantum discontinuity without introducing gravitons, and avoids unwarranted unification claims by explicitly restricting the interpretation to gravity alone.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17873312

Date: Dec 10, 2025

Author: Carlos Omeñaca Prado
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9750-5827

Resource type: Preprint
Publisher: Zenodo
License: CC BY-SA 4.0 International

Related links:

• https://zenodo.org/records/17873312
• https://archive.org/details/gravitation-without-mass
• https://www.academia.edu/145350124/Gravitation_Without_Mass_A_Geometric_Pressure_Interpretation_of_Curvature

Relativity as a Pressure Phenomenon in the Quarkic Ether reformulates Relativity as a macroscopic pressure phenomenon of the quarkic ether. Instead of interpreting time dilation, length contraction, and inertial growth as geometric postulates of spacetime, this work shows that they arise naturally from the delayed volumetric recovery of a perfect-pressure medium. A moving quarkbase generates frontal compression and a trailing wake whose finite propagation speed cΨ reproduces the full Lorentz factor, the relativistic energy relations, and the velocity-addition law. Gravity appears as a gradient of the etheric index nΨ(x), yielding an effective metric formally identical to general relativity but rooted in physical pressure dynamics. All classical relativistic effects—including Doppler shift, aberration, Shapiro delay, lensing, and cosmological redshift—emerge from the hydrodynamic behaviour of a frictionless continuum. Thus, relativity does not replace the ether: it reveals its macroscopic shadow

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17717027

Date: Nov 18, 2025

Author: Carlos Omeñaca Prado
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9750-5827

Resource type: Preprint
Publisher: Zenodo
License: CC BY-SA 4.0 International

Related links:

• https://zenodo.org/records/17717027
• https://archive.org/details/and-ether-said-let-there-be-relativity-and-it-was-relativity
• https://www.academia.edu/145337460/Relativity_as_a_Pressure_Phenomenon_in_the_Quarkic_Ether

General Cosmology of Quarkbase (Neutrino) presents General Cosmology of Quarkbase (Neutrino), an expanded and refined development of the foundational framework introduced in Genesis Quarkbase: The Functioning of the Universe. The model reformulates fundamental physics through a single ontological postulate: all physical phenomena arise from the dynamics of a continuous medium—the Ψ-field—and its discrete compactifications. The neutrino–quarkbase (N = 1) is identified as the only elementary entity, while higher compactation levels 𝑁 = { 1 , 13 , 55 , 147 , 309 , 561 , …   } N={1,13,55,147,309,561,…} generate the entire structure of matter, including electrons, protons, quarks, nuclei, and cosmic formations. Electromagnetism, gravity, the strong and weak interactions, and quantum and relativistic behavior emerge as geometric and vibrational expressions of the Ψ-field. The framework eliminates independent fields, fundamental bosons, dark matter, inflation, and curvature-as-substance, replacing them with a unified Ψ-dynamic ontology. A complete cosmology follows naturally, with the universe originating from a homogeneous Ψ-state and evolving through compactation-driven structure formation. The theory provides explicit, falsifiable predictions—such as the exact compactation number of the proton (N = 55), geometric corrections to the electron 𝑔 − 2 g−2, a new neutrino oscillation mode, and the non-existence of fundamental Higgs and dark-matter particles—making it fully testable. The work also outlines technological implications of Ψ-engineering, including cuarquic energy, field-gradient propulsion, and next-generation materials. Together, these results constitute a unified, self-consistent, and experimentally distinguishable alternative to the Standard Model, General Relativity, and ΛCDM cosmology.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17845483

Date: Dec 07, 2025

Author: Carlos Omeñaca Prado
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9750-5827

Resource type: Preprint
Publisher: Zenodo
License: CC BY-SA 4.0 International

Related links:

• https://zenodo.org/records/17845483
• https://archive.org/details/general-cosmology-of-quarkbase-neutrino
• https://www.academia.edu/145314846/General_Cosmology_of_Quarkbase_Neutrino_

Complex Formalism in Quarkbase Cosmology extends Quarkbase Cosmology into the complex domain, showing that complex notation unifies gravitational, electromagnetic, and quantum phenomena within a single analytical structure. The complex field Ψ(x,t) = A e^{i(ωt−k·x)} simultaneously represents longitudinal pressure modes and transverse vorticity of the etheric plasma, allowing Maxwell’s equations, quantum wave behaviour, and emergent gravity to be expressed as coherent manifestations of the same medium. Lorentz invariance is preserved exactly, the electromagnetic field becomes a complex pressure–vorticity wave, and quantum mechanics emerges from the statistical behaviour of the same complex ether. The formalism also derives the nucleus–electron resonance at r₍B₎ directly from phase conditions. This work establishes the complex representation as a natural and unified language for all interactions in the Quarkbase framework.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17716749

Date: Nov 15, 2025

Author: Carlos Omeñaca Prado
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9750-5827

Resource type: Preprint
Publisher: Zenodo
License: CC BY-SA 4.0 International

Related links:

• https://zenodo.org/records/17716749
• https://archive.org/details/complex-formalism-in-quarkbase-cosmology
• https://www.academia.edu/145245982/Complex_Formalism_in_Quarkbase_Cosmology_Unified_Description_of_Gravitational_Electromagnetic_and_Quantum_Interactions